References - Toxic Flame Retardants/PBDEs
Reports
PBDEs in Our Bodies
Deca Breakdown
Health Effects of PBDEs
PBDEs in Food and House Dust/Indoor Air
PBDEs in Wildlife
Policy Statements - Health/Public Health Associations
Washington State Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Chemical Action Plan: Final Plan. January 2006. online at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/0507048.html
Brominated Flame Retardants: Third annual report to the Maine Legislature, January 2007, by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection and the Maine Center for Disease Control & Prevention.
Online at http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/publications/legislativereports/index.htm
Green Screen for Safer Chemicals: Evaluating Flame Retardants for TV Enclosures. by Clean Production Action March 2007.
Online at http://www.cleanproduction.org/Green.Greenscreen.php
Decabromodiphenylether: An Investigation of Non-Halogen Substitutes in Electronic Enclosures and Textile Applications. April 2005. by the Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts, Lowell.
Online at http://www.safer-products.org/downloads/Deca%20BDE%20Substitutes%20Report.pdf
Davies, K. 2005. Economic Costs of Diseases and
Disabilities Attributable to Environmental Contaminants in Washington
State.
http://washington.chenw.org/RIgroup/index.html
Pollution in People: A Study of Toxic Chemicals in Washingtonians. Chapter Two: Burning Problem: Toxic Flame Retardants in People and Wildlife. May 2006. http://www.pollutioninpeople.org/results/report/chapter-2/
Flame Retardants in the Bodies of Pacific Northwest Women. Sept. 2004. http://www.sightline.org/research/pollution/res_pubs/report
Environmental Working Group. Body Burden: The Pollution in NewBorns. July 2005. http://www.ewg.org/reports/bodyburden2/execsumm.php
Fischer, D., Hooper, K., Athanasiadou, M., Athanassiadis,
I., Bergman, A. 2006. Children Show Highest
Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a California Family of
Four: A Case Study. Environmental
Health Perspectives 114, 1581-1584.
Full article online at http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8554/8554.html
Mazdai A, Dodder NG, Abernathy MP, Hites RA, Bisgsby
RM. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal
and fetal blood samples. Environmental Health Perspectives 111(9):1249-1252.
Full article online at http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2003/6146/6146.html
Studies showing deca breakdown (partial list)
Washington State Polybrominated
Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Chemical Action Plan: Final Plan. January 2006.
Dept. of Ecology Pub.
No. 05-07-048 / Dept. of Health Pub. No. 334-079.
See section on “Degradation of Deca” which reviews all studies through 2005.
online at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/0507048.html
Brominated Flame Retardants: Third annual report to the Maine Legislature, January 2007, by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection and the Maine Center for Disease Control & Prevention.
See section on "DecaBDE: Health Effects and Environmental Contamination" which reviews all studies through 2006.
Online at http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/publications/legislativereports/index.htm
Stapleton, H. M.; Brazil, B.; Holbrook, R. D.;
Mitchelmore, C. L.; Benedict, R.; Konstantinov, A.; Potter, D. 2006. In Vivo and In Vitro Debromination of Decabromodiphenyl
Ether (BDE 209) by Juvenile Rainbow Trout and Common Carp. Environ. Sci. Technol.
40(15); 4653-4658.
Abstract available
at: http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/
esthag/2006/40/i15/abs/es060573x.html
Betts, K. July 2006. Bacteria may
break down popular flame retardant to produce toxics. Environmental Science and
Technology News. Vol. 40 (14), 4329-4330.
Full news story online at http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag/40/i14/html/071506news4.html
Eriksson J, Green N, Marsh G, Bergman A. 2004. Photochemical
decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water. Environ
Sci Technol. 38(11); 3119-3125.
Abstract online at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/
esthag/2004/38/i11/abs/es049830t.html
Hermann, T.; Schilling B.; and Papke, O. 2003. Photolysis of PBDEs in solvents by exposure to daylight in a routine laboratory. Organohalogen Compounds 63, 361- 364.
Peterman, P.H.; Orazio, C.E.; and Feltz, P.P. 2003. Sunlight photolysis of 39 mono-hepta PBDE congeners in lipid. Organohalogen Compounds 63, 357-360.
Söderström G, Sellström U, de Wit
CA, Tysklind M. 2004. Photolytic debromination
of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209). Environ Sci Technol.. 38(1); 127-132.
Abstract online at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/
esthag/2004/38/i01/abs/es034682c.html
Stapleton, H. 2006. Brominated
Flame Retardants: Assessing
DecaBDE Debromination in the Environment. Report for the EPHA Environment
Network (EEN).
Report online at http://www.env-health.org/a/2139
Stapleton HM, Alaee M, Letcher RJ, Baker JE. 2004. Debromination
of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus
carpio) following dietary exposure. Environ Sci Technol. 38(1); 112-119.
Abstract online at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/
esthag/2004/38/i01/abs/es034746j.html
Kierkegaard A, Balk L, Sellström U, Tjärnlund U, Örn U, de Wit C, Jansson B. 1995. Uptake of decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in rainbow trout via administration in the diet. Presented at the 5th SETAC-Europe Congress, 25-28 June 1995, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Watanabe I, Satsukawa R. 1987. Formation of brominated dibenzofurans from the photolysis of flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether in hexane solution by UV and sunlight. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 39:953–959.
Health Effects of PBDEs (partial list)
Viberg, H., Johansson, N., Fredriksson, A., Eriksson,
J., Marsh, G., Eriksson, P. 2006. Neonatal Exposure to
Higher Brominated Diphenyl Ethers, Hepta-, Octa-, or Nonabromodiphenyl
Ether, Impairs Spontaneous Behavior and Learning and Memory Functions
of Adult Mice. Toxicol. Sci. 92: 211 – 218.
Abstract online at http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/1/211?
Talsness, C.E., Shakibaei, M., Kuriyama, S.N., Grande, S.W., Sterner-Kock, A., Schnitker, P., de Souza, C., Grote, K., Chahoud, I. 2005. Ultrastructural changes observed in rat ovaries following in utero and lactational exposure to low doses of a polybrominated flame retardant. Toxicol Lett. 157:189-202.
Kuriyama, S.N., Talsness, C.E., Grote, K., Chahoud,
I. 2005. Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE
99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring. Environ Health Perspect.
113(2):149-54.
Full article online at http://www.ehponline.org/members/2004/7421/7421.html
Zhou T, Taylor MM, DeVito MJ, Crofton KM. 2002. Developmental
exposure to brominated diphenyl ethers results in thyroid hormone disruption. Toxicological Sciences 66:105-106.
Full text online at http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/66/1/105?
Ericksson P, Viberg H, Jakobsson E, Örn U, Fredriksson A. 2002. A brominated flame retardant, 2,2’,4,4’5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development. Toxicological Sciences 67:98-103.
Zhou T, Ross DG, DeVito MJ, and KM Crofton. 2001. Effects
of short-term in vivo exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers on
thyroid hormones and hepatic enzyme activities in weanling rats. Toxicological Sciences
61:76-82.
Full article online at http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/61/1/76?
Ericksson P, Jakobsson E, Fredriksson A. 2001. Brominated
flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our
environment? Environmental Health Perspectives 109(9):903-908.
Full article online at: http://www.ehponline.org/members/
2001/109p903-908eriksson/eriksson-full.html
PBDEs in Food and House Dust/Indoor Air (partial list)
Jones-Otazo, H. A.; Clarke, J. P.; Diamond, M.
L.; Archbold, J. A.; Ferguson, G.; Harner, T.; Richardson, G. M.; Ryan,
J. J.; Wilford, B. 2005. Is House Dust
the Missing Exposure Pathway for PBDEs? An Analysis of the Urban Fate
and Human Exposure to PBDEs. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39 (14), 5121 -5130
Abstract online at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/
esthag/2005/39/i14/abs/es048267b.html
Stapleton HM, Dodder NG, Offenberg JH, Schantz MM, Wise
SA. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house
dust and clothes dryer lint. Environmental Science and Technology 39(4):925-932.
Full article online (pdf) at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/
esthag/2005/39/i04/pdf/es0486824.pdf
McDonald T. 2005. Polybrominated
diphenylether levels among United States residents: daily intake and
risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
1(4): 343-354.
Abstract online at http://entc.allenpress.com/entconline/?request=get-abstract&doi
=10.1897%2F1551-3793(2005)1%5B343:PDLAUS%5D2.0.CO%3B2
Schecter A, Päpke O, Tung K, Staskal D, Birnbaum
L. 2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination
of United States food. Environmental Science and Technology. 38: 5306-5311
Full article online (pdf) at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/searchRedirect.cgi/
esthag/2004/38/i20/pdf/es0490830.pdf
Bocio A, Llobet JM, Domingo JL, Corbella J, Teixidó A, Casas
C. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
in foodstuffs: human
exposure through the diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
51:3191-3195.
Abstract online at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/
jafcau/2003/51/i10/abs/jf0340916.html
Darnerud PO, Eriksen GS, Jóhannesson T,
Larsen PB, Viluksela M. 2001. Polybrominated
diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure and toxicology. Environmental Health Perspectives
109 (Supplement 1):49-68.
Full article online at http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2001/
suppl-1/49-68darnerud/
darnerud-full.html
Detection of PBDEs in Wildlife (partial list)
Cone, Marla. Polar Bears Face
New Toxic Threat: Flame Retardants. January 2006. Los Angeles Times.
Archived online at http://www.truthout.org/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/34/16825
Ross P. 2006. Fireproof killer
whales: flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in
the charismatic icon of British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63:224-234.
Abstract online at http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/
rp/rp2_abst_e?cjfas_f05-244_63_ns_nf_cjfas
Christensen, et al. 2005. Persistent
Organic Pollutants in British Columbia Grizzly Bears: Consequence of
Divergent Diets. Environmental
Science and Technology. 39: 6952-6960.
Abstract online at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2005/39/i18/abs/es050749f.html
Rayne, S.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Ross, P. S.; Ellis, G. M.; Barrett-Lennard,
L. G. 2004. PBDEs, PBBs, and PCNs in Three Communities of Free-Ranging
Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38(16); 4293-4299.
Abstract online at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/
esthag/2004/38/i16/abs/es0495011.html
Lindberg P, Stellstrom U, Haggberg L and De Wit CA, 2004. Higher
Brominated Diphenyl Ethers and Hexabromocyclododecane Found in Eggs
of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) Breeding in Sweden. Environmental
Science and Technology. 38(1); 93-96
Abstract online at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/
esthag/2004/38/i01/abs/es034614q.html
Rayne, S.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Antcliffe, B. 2003. Rapidly
increasing Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Concentrations in the Columbia
River System from 1992 to 2000. Environmental Science and Technology. 37: 2847-2854.
Abstract online at http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/
esthag/2003/37/i13/abs/es0340073.html
Ikonomou et al. 2000. Congener patterns, spatial and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in biota samples from the Canadian West Coast and the Northwest Territories. Organohalogen Compounds 47:77-80.
Toxics in Harbor Seals,
indicator on persistent bioaccumulative toxics in harbor seals and the
fish they eat, from
the Puget Sound Georgia Basin Ecosystem Project.
on EPA
web site at
http://www.epa.gov/region10/psgb/indicators/harbor_seals/references.htm
Policy Statements on the need to phase out use of PBDEs from Health/Public Health Associations
Washington Academy of Family Physicians
Phasing Out Flame Retardant, Resolution of the 2004 House of Delegates
Online at http://www.wafp.net/aboutwafp/House-of-Delegates/Resolutions-Archive/
Resolutions-of-the-2004-House/Resolution---18--Phasing-Out-F.aspx
Washington State Public Health Association (WSPHA)
Resolution 04-03.
Protecting Public Health by Phasing Out Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
(PBDEs) - Toxic Flame Retardants, passed in 2004.
Online at http://www.wspha.org/Resolution_04-03.htm
Washington Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics
Decreased Use of PBDEs, passed 2004.
American Public Health Association (APHA)
Policy Number 2004-05. Preventing Human Exposure to Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)
Flame Retardants to Protect Public Health, passed in 2004.
Online at http://www.apha.org/legislative/policy/2004/2004-5.pdf
Washington State Medical Association
Res A-3, A-04. "The WSMA endorses Governor Locke's Executive Order to phase out and eliminate the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Washington State while maintaining existing fire safety standards."
Online at http://www.wsma.org/about/Policy6.html
Fire Protection Without Poisons
PBDEs in Wildlife & Puget Sound
Companies Using Safer Alternatives
2007 Priorities for a Healthy Washington
